Chapter 1: The Nature of Existence

Philosophically, considering that some entities exist today that did not always exist, it follows that anything with a beginning must derive its existence from something prior. This leads to the conclusion that there must be something that does not have an origin. If there were ever a state of nothingness, then there would be nothing, thereby negating existence itself. Hence, something must always be present. Within this framework of ontology and cosmology, the infinite multiverse is largely filled with finite universes, each at distinct stages of evolution and size.

To manage the vast spectrum of quantities ranging from zero to infinity, the scientific community employs a concise notation system based on repetitive factors. For example, the expression ten multiplied by itself six times can be succinctly represented as ten raised to the sixth power (10^6), equating to one million: 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 1,000,000. The first format is known as expanded form, while the latter represents scientific notation. Here, the base ten is multiplied six times.

Utilizing this ingenious mathematical approach, an incredibly large figure like 86,530,000,000,000,000,000,000 can be reformatted into scientific notation by shifting the decimal point, so that the numerical factor lies between one and ten. The absolute value of the exponent indicates how many places the decimal has been moved, resulting in the value 8.653 multiplied by ten to the power of twenty-two (8.653 x 10^22).

As part of this calculation, it is estimated that there are at least 10^80 matter particles in the observable universe. This is significantly less than a googol (10^100), and far fewer than a googolplex, which is represented as one followed by a googol of zeros. Paradoxically, infinity is so vast that it is equally distant from both one and a googolplex, which represents a magnitude far beyond what could possibly exist. Nonetheless, every object possesses a specific quantity, and this is inherently linked to a defined number.

For instance, an order of magnitude serves as an approximation of the logarithm of a particular value in relation to a commonly understood reference point, typically ten. Currently, there are over 60 orders of magnitude within the local spacetime continuum, with every five orders creating a new level of existence. In this context, humans exist at the center of a wide range of physical complexity, spanning from the Planck scale (approximately 30 orders of magnitude smaller) to the observable universe (around 30 orders of magnitude larger). As such, the laws of physics vary dramatically across this spectrum.

To illustrate, the universe currently resides within the 13th scale of existence but is rapidly extending toward the 14th, overshadowing colossal galactic superclusters. At the 12th scale, dark energy propels galaxies apart with ever-increasing speed. Meanwhile, at the 10th scale, stars anchor their planets through gravitational orbits, while planets of unimaginable size traverse at extraordinary velocities at the 9th scale. Importantly, from our vantage point, we perceive reality from an 8th scale perspective.

Delving deeper into the realm of size, every living organism is composed of smaller and smaller components, including unicellular beings at the 7th scale. More significantly, our bodies consist of trillions of atoms, which are categorized as 6th scale entities, themselves made up of numerous subatomic particles. Furthermore, 4th scale objects like photons consist of even tinier constituents. Astonishingly, beneath the realm of quantum mechanics, one discovers strings— the smallest conceivable entities existing at the 1st scale.

This encapsulates the enormity of it all.

The first video, titled "When You Realize the Size of It All, It Really Does Not Make Sense," explores the overwhelming scale of the universe and our place within it.

Chapter 2: Understanding Scale and Complexity

The second video, "Heather Sommer - ONE SIZE FITS ALL (Official Visualizer)," offers a visual representation of how size and perception influence our understanding of the universe.